What does it mean to be intelligent?
Is it solely about excelling in mathematics or mastering language skills? But how about those with “street-smarts” who can be described as life-smart, even if they did not excel academically? Or people with a canny ability to navigate social situations, demonstrating impressive interpersonal skills?
Is there more than a single intelligence factor?
For decades, these questions about what intelligence is have sparked intense debate among psychologists, educators, and philosophers alike. The quest to understand intelligence led to various theories, such as Cattell’s fluid and crystallized intelligence and Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory, each offering a unique perspective.
One theory that reshaped educational paradigms is Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In this article, we explore Gardner’s groundbreaking framework and explain why knowing "what kind of smarts" you have is essential.
Gardner Believed There's More to Intelligence Than a Single Number
APA Dictionary of Psychology explains that intelligence is “the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason.” Such a definition is rooted in abundant empirical research and rich theoretical insights. So, what does this ability to analyze problems logically look like in real life?
An intelligent person maneuvers through intricate problems with ease. They might be the friend who you can talk to about complex life questions, and they pinpoint arguments you might have overlooked. It is the colleague who finds innovative solutions to challenging tasks. Or, it is the leader who inspires and motivates others with their wisdom and insight.
Do you notice that when we speak about someone’s intellectual core capacities, we are accustomed to thinking about a person being smart or not? That’s it. Maybe a bit smarter or less so — when we want to use a finer scale to differentiate between different levels of intelligence.
Even the official definition states “the ability.” Singular.
There is a reason for this way of thinking, and it resides in the history of psychology. You might not be aware of it, but up until the 1980s, intelligence was thought of as a skill of a single dimension. And our way of thinking about intelligence echoes this long tradition. This tradition produced tests measuring intelligence quotient (or IQ).
IQ tests also give us the number. One number that states how clever someone is.
Yet, when you think a bit closer, you will surely start spontaneously breaking up this capacity into very different skills. Let us test this claim.
Imagine two highly successful but very different individuals, Alex and Maya.
Alex, a brilliant mathematician, navigates the intricate world of mathematical operations and can solve abstract problems with unparalleled ease. He is a data analyst and excels in unraveling complex equations. We would say he has high logical-mathematical intelligence. However, he has trouble connecting with people and is somewhat awkward and distant.
Meanwhile, Maya was never good at math. However, she is a skilled counselor who effortlessly connects with others. She has an uncanny ability to read into people and offer perfect guidance and support in times of need.
So, do you still think intelligence is a single ability?
Neither did Howard Gardner.
What Is Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory?
For many decades, cognitive psychologists viewed intelligence through the prism of one overarching factor.
This general intelligence factor was the “G factor,” proposed by psychologist Charles Spearman in the early 20th century. According to Spearman’s theory, intelligence could be represented by a single score derived from performance on various cognitive tasks.
There were several subscales in intelligence tests (such as in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). However, the results still produced one score that determined how intelligent a person is. Gardner, a psychologist who obtained a BA in Social Relations from Harvard Graduate School and then a PhD in developmental psychology, worked within this paradigm.
Still, after observing adults and children with brain damage, he realized that the existing theories did not explain his observations. Someone who experienced brain damage often exhibited deficits in certain cognitive functions while retaining or even enhancing other abilities. For example, people would lose their command of language. Nonetheless, they could still express themselves through music or art.
For this reason, Gardner proposed that there are several intelligences, each rooted in specific neural networks and cognitive processes. Like Sternberg, Gardner recognized the role of creativity in intelligence, but he took it a step further, specifying different types of creativity in different areas.
Gardner's Theory and Education
The theory of multiple intelligences not only stirred controversy among his fellow psychologists but also initiated something that could be described as a revolution in education. Student learning was seen through a new lens. Teachers started perceiving their students differently — as individuals with a unique distribution of equally valid intellectual skills and talents.
It is fair to say that Gardner's theory suggests changes to curriculum development — some of which have been implemented, and some are still waiting for the world to recognize the implications of intelligence reframed.
What Are the 9 Types of Intelligence?
In 1983, Gardner published Frames of Mind, describing seven types of intelligence that met his rigorous criteria for determining what constitutes intelligence. According to the theory, every person possesses all these intelligence types, but their combinations might differ.
With time and additional research, the theory of multiple intelligence was enriched by two more types. The latest additions were naturalist intelligence and existential intelligence.
So, what does it mean to be people-smart or have high visual-spatial intelligence? Let us find out.
Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)
Linguistic intelligence relates to a person’s ability to use and understand words effectively.
If you have high linguistic intelligence, you can express yourself articulately, craft compelling narratives, and effectively communicate your ideas to others.
This capacity might come in handy in leadership, for example. Empirical evidence, such as a study of leader-member exchange quality, highlighted linguistic intelligence as a key leadership skill. One such leader is First Lady Melania Trump who shows remarkable linguistic intelligence by being able to speak multiple languages.
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart)
Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to people who excel at mathematical calculations, problem-solving, and abstract reasoning.
Being smart in the logical-mathematical area is essential for mathematics, engineering, computer science, finance, and data analysis careers.
However, the ability also serves well in everyday life when designing a home budget. To organize your finances, you must analyze your income and expenses, calculate totals, and decide how to allocate funds effectively. All of this is related to logical-mathematical intelligence.
Musical Intelligence (Music or Sound-Smart)
Musical intelligence explains the capacity to understand, appreciate, and create music. Individuals with musical intelligence are highly sensitive to rhythm, melody, pitch, and harmony.
Playing an instrument requires understanding musical notation, recognizing patterns in melodies and chords, and developing coordination and dexterity to produce sounds. If you have high musical intelligence, you may find joy and fulfillment in playing music as a hobby or a form of self-expression. In that way, musical intelligence might steer you towards a unique way to enhance your overall well-being and enjoyment of life.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart)
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves controlling one’s body movements and handling objects skillfully. Individuals with this intelligence excel in activities that require physical coordination, agility, and fine motor skills.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is utilized in playing sports, such as basketball or soccer. Athletes must coordinate their movements, anticipate the actions of opponents, and manipulate objects (such as balls) with precision and control.
However, being body-smart does not mean you have to be an athlete. You rely on this intelligence type for many hobbies — whenever you dance, do crafts, build something, cook and chop ingredients, or play snooker.
Visual-Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)
If you have visual-spatial intelligence, you probably excel in tasks that require mental imagery, spatial reasoning, and the interpretation of visual stimuli. The aptitude is used when driving a car or navigating the city. Or when you are decorating your home and using your artistic skills, for example. To create a harmonious and visually appealing environment, you need to exhibit spatial intelligence to envision how different furniture pieces, colors, textures, and accessories interact.
This type of intelligence is sometimes disregarded in education. One study concluded, “Students from the science group score more on intelligence than arts students”. This is precisely the kind of finding that commonly results from the assumption of a single intelligence — and does them an injustice.
Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart)
Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to understand, empathize with, and communicate effectively with others. Both verbal and nonverbal communication are included in this capacity. It is used whenever you build relationships, resolve conflicts, and collaborate with others. Successful customer service workers, psychologists, or social workers are usually very people-smart.
Examples of the use of high interpersonal intelligence are limitless. This skill and its impact on our lives is another example of why the traditional view of intelligence as an IQ number related mostly to logical reasoning and problem-solving does not suffice.
Intrapersonal Intelligence (Self-Smart)
Interpersonal intelligence means being people-smart and understanding others. In contrast, intrapersonal intelligence involves the capacity to understand oneself. This includes one’s emotions, thoughts, and motivations. You use this capacity in tasks that involve self-reflection, introspection, and self-awareness.
Setting personal goals is a task that requires some self-smart aptitude if you want to be successful. When setting goals, you must reflect on your values, aspirations, and priorities and consider how these align with your long-term objectives. You also need to understand your strengths and weaknesses and be able to keep yourself motivated to accomplish those goals. Similarly, journaling would require quite a bit of intrapersonal intelligence.
Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart)
One of the later additions to Gardner’s theory is being nature-smart. At that point, there were eight intelligences. Individuals with this intelligence excel in tasks involving observation, exploration, and interaction with the environment. People with high naturalist intelligence (sometimes referred to as naturalistic intelligence) develop a deeper appreciation of nature.
When you have high naturalist intelligence, you are sensitive and understanding of the natural world. You might easily recognize and classify different species, understand ecosystems, and interpret natural phenomena. In more everyday terms, you might use this intelligence in gardening, horticulture, or birdwatching.
Existential Intelligence (Purpose Smart)
The last of the 9 types of intelligence that entered Gardner’s classification was existential intelligence.
Existential intelligence involves the capacity to tackle deep questions and grapple with existential dilemmas. If you have high existential intelligence, you develop a broader understanding of the meaning of life, the nature of human existence, and the human condition. You are also likely to be spiritually healthy.
In life, we often face losses, such as when we grieve the death of a close one. When someone possesses this type of intelligence, they might find solace in philosophical concepts such as the interconnectedness of all life, the continuity of memory and legacy, and the transformative power of love and resilience.
Spiritual leaders sometimes employ existential intelligence and interact effectively with followers going through various moments of our human condition.
The Value of Knowing What Kind of Smarts You Have
Understanding the diverse spectrum of intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner’s theory can be immensely valuable in recognizing and leveraging individual strengths.
Traditional measures like IQ narrow down your self-understanding and might subconsciously predispose you to underachievement.
On the other hand, when you think about your unique combination of talents and abilities, you can tailor your pursuits accordingly. Do you excel in linguistic, logical-mathematical, or spatial skills? Or are you body-smart? Or does natural world seem as easy to understand as as explaining colors to a child.
Awareness of your profile within the world of 9 types of intelligence fosters a sense of self-confidence and purpose. It empowers you to pursue paths aligned with your strengths and interests, ultimately leading to greater fulfillment and success.
These are three main areas in which knowing what kind of smarts you have can benefit you.
Multiple Intelligence Types and Implications for Learning
As said earlier, Gardner’s work sparked massive movements in education. The theory of multiple intelligences, albeit not without criticism, highlighted the vital importance of acknowledging diversity in learning styles and abilities. Gradually, the educational system abandons a one-size-fits-all approach to teaching and assessment.
You can leverage these trends on your personal learning path.
Armed with the knowledge of whether your fortes are — for example, musical intelligence or intrapersonal intelligence — you can seek learning opportunities that maximize your growth. How to do it?
Reflect on your strengths and preferences across different domains of intelligence. Are you particularly skilled in linguistic tasks, or do you excel in spatial reasoning?
Then, explore a variety of learning methods that cater to your unique skillset. If you are a visual learner, incorporate diagrams, charts, and visual aids into your study routine. For auditory learners, try listening to podcasts or lectures related to your subject matter. Experiment with hands-on activities, group discussions, and reflective journaling to engage multiple intelligences and deepen your understanding.
Professional Application of the 9 Types of Intelligence
Education is undoubtedly one of the primary areas in which intelligence comes forth, especially with lifelong learning. Continuing on this observation, it was always assumed that intelligence correlates with professional success. However, more detailed studies warned against overestimating this association and stated mixed results.
What could be the reason for such inconclusive results?
Apart from various external and personality factors that impact professional success, it could also be argued that the assumption about one-factor intelligence causes mixed results. Remember the study that stated art students have lower intelligence? However, some of them surely became esteemed artists and highly successful in their fields.
Also, we might ask whether certain types of intelligence are more valued or prioritized in society than others. It could be argued that certain types of intelligence may indeed be more valued depending on the specific requirements of occupations. For example, careers in STEM fields often place a premium on logical-mathematical and spatial intelligence, as these abilities are integral to problem-solving and analytical thinking. Likewise, professions in the arts, humanities, or interpersonal domains may prioritize linguistic, musical, or interpersonal intelligence.
In today’s rapidly evolving professional landscape, the ability to harness and leverage diverse types of intelligence can be a powerful asset for career advancement. So, how can you leverage your understanding of 9 types of intelligence to position yourself strategically for professional growth and fulfillment?
Identify your strengths. Then, explore diverse career paths and opportunities (professions and professional roles) that align with your intelligences, personality traits, and interests. In this way, you can thrive in a role that resonates with your strengths.
Additionally, you can commit to continuous development and refinement of your skills across multiple intelligences. By doing so, you remain competitive in the job market. Seek out training, workshops, and professional development opportunities that allow you to expand your repertoire of abilities.
Using Multiple Intelligence Theory for Personal Growth
How can understanding the theory of multiple intelligences contribute to self-awareness and personal growth?
The theory provides a framework for understanding your strengths — and areas for development. When you know where your skills stand concerning the 9 intelligence types, you can decide to perfect the existing talents or work on underdeveloped ones.
Here are a few practical steps to consider when using the multiple intelligences theory for personal growth.
First, consider which intelligences resonate most strongly with you and have significantly shaped your accomplishments and aspirations. Whether you excel in linguistic expression, logical reasoning, artistic creativity, or interpersonal connections, recognizing your dominant intelligences provides a solid foundation for self-awareness and personal growth.
Then, set personal growth goals. Whether you’re striving to enhance your communication skills, deepen your understanding of a particular subject, or cultivate new talents, tailor your goals to capitalize on your unique capacities.
You might, for example, realize the importance of interpersonal intelligence and leverage it to improve your leadership. You would then sign up for leadership development workshops that specifically emphasize the role of emotional intelligence, empathy, and communication in leadership effectiveness.
Gardner’s framework aligns with a growth mindset and can help you structure your development path.
Realize Your Unique Potentials Using Gardner's 9 Intelligence Types
Thinking of yourself as a fixed set of traits can be significantly limiting in any area of life.
Such a mindset could be more damaging when it comes to skills and abilities. Just like viewing wellness through a single lens can be detrimental, seeing your intelligence as a single asset written in stone might predispose you to relinquish your aspirations and doubt your ability to realize your dreams.
Yet, with Gardner’s framework, we can acknowledge the various forms of intelligence and appreciate our unique talents and abilities.
By identifying your predominant intelligences, whether you excel in linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, or existential realms, you gain insight into your potential and can tailor your pursuits accordingly.
Leverage the theory and practical advice it provides, embrace the diversity of your intelligence, and pursue the path guiding you to a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
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